The Physics Of Infrared Radiation - 1086 Words

A vibration can result in an absorption peak of infrared radiation, only if there is a change in the dipole moment of the molecule. The larger this change, the more intense will be the absorption band. Furthermore, the electron polarity vectors in the covalent bond should not cancel out i.e the covalent bonds must be asymmetric. Asymmetrical bonds carry a net polarity vector and show absorption peaks; bonds that are centered along the plane of symmetry cancel out their polarity vectors upon stretching and there is no net change in dipole moment. Such molecules are known to be infrared inactive. An infrared spectrum is the plot of absorbance (or % transmission) against the wavenumber (cm-1) (Rehman et al., 2012). Wavenumber is defined as number of waves in a length of one centimeter and is a commonly used unit for representing spectral regions. Wavenumber is linear with energy and is expressed with the following equation.Significant parts of the spectrum are the regions where the molecule absorbs the infrared energy. These are shown as characteristic absorption peaks. A molecule can only absorb radiation when the incoming infrared radiation is of the same frequency as one of the fundamental modes of vibration of the molecule (Stuart and Barbara, 2004). The modes of vibration usually encountered include bending, stretching, wagging and out of plane vibrations. These molecular vibrations result in changes in dipole moments of the molecular groups and the resulting vibratingShow MoreRelatedConduction, Convection, and Radiation1525 Words   |  7 PagesConduction, Convection, and Radiation By: Spencer Smith Physics 2010 – Online Dr. Stone 30 April 2014 Physics is a controlling factor in our vast universe. It literally controls how our reality operates and how our existence came to be in this universe, it actually it what made our universe. When you think about physics you probably think about friction and forces but it is a much broader idea. Physics is what controls how the atoms that make up everything work with each other to formRead MoreGlobal Warming : Physics And Its Outcome On The World1528 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Warming: Physics and Its Outcome on the World People complain about hot summers, and to cold of winters, why it would still be snowing during May in North East, Ohio. These temperature changes could all be a result of one thing, global warming. Global warming is a change in temperature due to gases and solutions humans put into the environment. The gases and solutions effect the natural gases in the environment that maintain the temperatures around the world. Although that is how global warmingRead MoreRemote Sensing Essay844 Words   |  4 Pagesaddition, nonliteral imagery also provides interpreters a visual representation of objects in dark conditions. There are two sensors that improve vision at night: long wave infrared radiation and image intensifier. The former uses differences in heat within an area to produce a thermal visual, and the latter uses detected infrared radiation with both short and long wavelengths to create a clear visual. Sensors can be used alone or together to provide clearer images in dark condition. Human interpretersRead MoreThe Sun : Thermal And Electromagnetic Processes Essay2139 Words   |  9 Pagesis the antimatter counterpart of the electron. They both have the same mass, but an opposite charge. When the two collide, a positron and an electron, they annihilate each other and all their mass is converted to energy in the form of gamma ray radiation. As mentioned before, this energy takes approximately 1 million years to move from the core of the Sun to the photosphere. During this time, the photons bounce off the dense gas particles that make up the Sun. As a product of these collisionsRead MoreUBT1 Task 1 Essay922 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ZBT1 Task 1: Wave Physics Ian Trimble Student ID: 000352590 Introduction We benefit greatly the benefits of long distance communication, eating food from different parts of the countries without fear of spoilage, radiation treatment, and heating up food in a matter of minutes, and a myriad of other wonders all do the wonders of waves, be they sound waves as well as light waves. In this timeline, we will look at all of the different light waves, their history, and their benefits. Annotated TimelineRead MoreThe Big Bang1460 Words   |  6 Pagesplanets asteroids, comets and moons. For millennia, humans have attributed the workings and beauty of the cosmos to the divine. Slowly, we learned that laws governed the motion of these celestial bodies, laws which would come to be known as the laws of physics. It was not a god that was making the planets orbit the sun, but gravity. Through observations, mankind learned of new laws, and discarded old ones that no longer matched the observations. Eventually, a prediction was made as to the very origins ofRead MoreCan You Bake Cookies Only Using Sunlight?1007 Words   |  5 Pagesheat inside the same way gases in our atmosphere trap them. Then bake some delicious cookies. What Study of Science is this under? The study of science is Physics. Physics means the natural science which involves the study of things made up atoms or matter, and along with related concepts such as energy and force. The experiment is Physics because we are using heat from the sun, and transferring the heat to the oven. So heat or thermal energy is the measure of the amount of energy that is containedRead MoreThe Socio Scientific Issue Of Global Warming Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesPhysics AS915527 Use physics knowledge to develop an informed response . to a socio-scientific issue The Socio-scientific issue of Global Warming Global warming is an extremely controversial issue as there are many different theories surrounding it, including the theory that it simply doesn’t exist. The most agreeable concept surrounding global warming is that gas emissions have different effects on the temperatures on Earth, however how these gases effectRead MoreEssay on Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases1265 Words   |  6 Pagesnitrous oxide, and water vapor, have increased significantly during the industrial age. These high concentrations are predicted to continue in the atmosphere for thousands of years to come. This increase in specially carbon dioxide, increases the infrared energy taken in by the atmosphere, and warming the earths surface. The Global mean temperature over the past 150 years has risen between 0.3 degrees C and 0.6 degrees C. Climate changes that have been predicted are based on the continual riseRead MoreHousing Insulation And Heat Transfer1091 Words   |  5 PagesCLEVELAND DISTRICT STATE HIGH SCHOOL Year 9 Science UNIT NAME Physics TASK NUMBER 1 Housing Insulation and Heat Transfer STUDENT NAME: Ashton Coombes TEACHER DRAFT DUE DATE FINAL REPORT DUE DATE CONDITIONS You must adhere to the school’s assessment policy. If an extension is required, you must contact the Head of Science before the due date. THIS COVER SHEET MUST BE ATTACHED TO YOUR ASSIGNMENT THIS IS AN INDIVIDUAL REPORT. GENERAL OBJECTIVE GRADE Knowledge and

The Nuclear Terrorism Threat and the Aum Shinrikyo Cult...

The Nuclear Terrorism Threat and the Aum Shinrikyo Cult Until the mid seventies, the term nuclear terror was used predominately to describe the threat of a nuclear attack by the Soviet Union. Since then, however, it has taken on a whole new meaning which many security experts feel poses a more serious threat to national security. In the past few decades, formal terrorist organizations have exploded planes out of the sky, bombed US military and diplomatic facilities abroad, and with the World Trade Center and Oklahoma City bombing incidents, they have even launched attacks on American soil. Yet until 20 March 1995 when five members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult released sarin nerve gas in the Tokyo subway system, the world had not seen†¦show more content†¦The guru, Asahara, is an essential guide throughout this spiritual evolution. Members of the group believe that salvation will only be achieved after Armageddon, even for those who are killed in the process. In spite of its religious nature, Aums leadership structure was organized in the form of a ministerial cabinet patterned after the Japanese government. Since its establishment in 1987, the Aum organization expanded physically, geographically, and financially. It is believed that at its height, the group had over 65,000 members, yet only 10,000 of these were located in Japan. Aum had a large representation in Russia, approximately three times the number of followers in Japan and half of its total membership worldwide. By the end of 1994, there were six Aum Shinrikyo branches in Moscow alone and another eleven offices outside the capital city. On a smaller scale, Aum established branches in Germany and the US and claimed small groups of followers in Australia, Belarus, and the Ukraine. The organizations financial assets were accumulated through fund raising, donations, and a variety of legitimate business efforts, from computer businesses in Taiwan toShow MoreRelatedThe Japanese Doomsday Cult2659 Words   |  11 Pages POLICY PAPER Aum Shinrikyo: The Japanese Doomsday Cult Lisa Bertsch – lmb5956@psu.edu HLS 805: Political Violence, Threats, and Insurgency Summer 2015 – Dr. Paul Gill Table of Contents Abstract Pg. 3 Chizuo Matsumoto, aka Asahara Shoko Pg. 4 Syncretism Pg. 4 The early years: 1984-1989 Pg. 4 Organizational Goals and the Means of Achieving Them Pg. 5 Recruitment Pg. 6 Examples of Violent Attacks Pg. 7 The Split Pg. 9 Conclusion Pg. 10 References Pg. 12 AbstractRead MoreOverview of Terrorist Organizations: Al-Qaeda and Aum Shinrikyo3113 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Codex: Two Terrorist Organizations Al-Qaeda and Aum Shinrikyo Al Qaeda: Origins People too commonly forget that the story of Al-Qaeda is very much the story of Osama Bin Laden: so much of the development and evolution of Al-Qaeda truly is dependent on this one man. Thus, this means that their narratives are forever intertwined. The primary founder of Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, was born in July 1957, the seventeenth of twenty sons of a Saudi construction magnate of Yemeni origin. Many SaudisRead MoreThe Spiritual Beliefs Of The Aum2644 Words   |  11 PagesJapanese cult released a lethal dose of sarin gas into the Tokyo subways, killing 12 and wounding thousands more (Olson, 1999:314). The men responsible were astrophysicists, doctors, and electronics engineers who graduated at the top of their classes (Hudson, 1999:140, 142). All belonged to Aum Shinrikyo, a cult fuelled by the beliefs of an inevitable apocalypse and that salvation could be provided through membership in the cult. Under the control of a partially blind guru, Shoko Asahara, cult membersRead Mo reTerrorism As A Crime, Or Terrorism Essay1797 Words   |  8 PagesTerrorism as warfare, terrorism as a crime, or terrorism as a disease. Whichever view is adopted is determined by the kinds of countermeasures countries will use in their efforts to deal with terrorism. Definitions of terrorism are diverse and commentators and scholars tend to disagree on which is the most accurate. This usually occurs because the different types of terrorism are so widespread, and some experts will include or exclude various groups depending on their preferences. Terrorism is aRead MoreTerrorism Is A Very Real And Serious Threat1754 Words   |  8 PagesTerrorism is a very real and serious threat. The United States of America is not the only country under attack by terrorists, the US is simply another target. Countries such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Iraq, Myanmar, Yemen, Japan, and many other countries have all been under attack by terrorist groups. The UK and Ireland were both under attack by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). They had a simple plan outlined in their â€Å"Green Book† they wanted â€Å"the establishment of a ‘Democratic Socialist RepublicRead More anthrax Essays1316 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone use anthrax for a larger attack on American cities? Unfortunately, yes-and they could also use any of a series of other germs, some more lethal than anthrax. But it’s not easy to get anthrax, and it’s not easy to deploy. The Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo tried to spread anthrax from its Tokyo office building in 1993 and failed dismally. Experts disagree on how dangerous it would be if someone sprinkled anthrax in, say, an office ventilation system or a subway car, but any larger attack wouldRead MoreTerrorism and Its Effects on International Relations5812 Words   |  24 PagesTerrorism and its Effects on International Relations Introduction Over the years there have been significant changes in how terrorism is carried out. With the changes in how terrorism is carried out there have also been dramatic changes in how countries counter terrorist attacks. The modifications in the way a country counters these terrorist attacks affects international relations of these countries. These issues bring about the question of how have counter terrorism methods affected internationalRead More Bioterrorism with Smallpox Essay2355 Words   |  10 Pagesthe entire body. Once endemic to the entire world, it has been wiped out with mass vaccination efforts by the World Health Organization with the last reported case being in 1977 in Somalia (Tucker 118). The threat of the virus still looms over us, however, with the advent of the age of terrorism. Its transmission method (human to human), the lack of effective treatment, its high mortality rate, and its ease of weaponization has compelled the Centers for Disease Control to classify it a s a CategoryRead MoreEmergency Management Essay18946 Words   |  76 Pagesnecessary to explain the need for a profession whose purpose is saving lives and property in disasters. It is likely that, while many people recognize their communities are exposed to environmental threats requiring a systematic program of protection, only a few appreciate the magnitude and diversity of the threats. One can introduce the study of emergency management by noting losses from disasters—in the United States and the rest of the world—have been growing over the years and are likely to continue

Crime in Detroit Free Essays

Crime in Detroit For many years Detroit, Michigan has been known as the murder capital of the world. stats show that In 2012 Detroit had the highest rate of violent crimes over any other city In the united States. Crime around the city Is not only committed by the residents but also by local police officials and government officials. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime in Detroit or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are the people that took a vow to serve and protect us. But we have to protect ourselves from them. There has been crimes of racism, take for instance in 1992, two white police fficers named Walter Budzyn and Larry Nevers beat to death an African American man. amed Malice Green, with a flashlight. It was said that it was a routine traffc stop in which Green was driving, but everyone in Detroit knew that Malice Green was homeless and did not have a car. Green refused to open his hand and give the police the vile of crack that he was holding. For that he paid the ultimate price with his life. He was struck 14 times in the head with the police flashlght. Both officers were charged with involuntary manslaughter. Nevers received 4 years and Budzyn eceived 41/2 years. On the other hand in that same year my brother an Atrican American male accidentally killed a white woman while playing with a gun. He got the same Involuntary manslaughter charge and did 17 years. Maxing out his sentence. Each time he was up for parole he was denied. Eventually they Just has to let him go. Another incident of crime In Detroit was committed by a Government official. Kwame Kilpatrick was the mayor of Detroit from 2002 until he was forced to resign due to a plea deal in 2008. He was Involved in the citys largest corruption scandal ver. He, his best friend, and his father stole over 83 million dollars from the city. Hence the reason that the city is bankrupt today. He did everything from mail fraud which is a scheme to get money from people through the mail. wire fraud, something like mail fraud, racketeering, he was using the mayors palace as a place for prostitutes and was throwing wild parties there. He was also charged with obstruction and a list of other charges. Each of the 29 charges that he got can receive up toa 15 year sentence. He will be sentenced on October 13, 2013. So as you can see from those two examples crime is a big problem for the city of Detroit. It doesn’t matter it its law enforcement or government officials. Crime is crime and It Is still going to be committed. By icheat4u world. Stats show that in 2012 Detroit had the highest rate of violent crimes over any other city in the United States. Crime around the city is not only committed by the man, named Malice Green, with a flashlight. It was said that it was a routine traffic He was struck 14 times in the head with the police flashlight. Both officers were received 41/2 years. On the other hand in that same year my brother an African same involuntary manslaughter charge and did 17 years. Maxing out his sentence. Another incident of crime in Detroit was committed by a Government official. due to a plea deal in 2008. He was involved in the citys largest corruption scandal which is a scheme to get money from people through the mail, wire fraud, something Detroit. It doesn’t matter if its law enforcement or government officials. Crime is crime and it is still going to be committed. How to cite Crime in Detroit, Papers

Basic Pharmacology Management

Question: Describe about the Basic Pharmacology? Answer: A person walks into a dark room and kicks a metal chair- the first thought that comes to our mind is that the person is ought to get hurt and the second thought will be is it bleeding or not? It often happens to a person when he or she gets wounded like this the injury may bleed and if not than it may swell up (EBBERT and TANGALOS, 2009). The first and foremost thing that the person should have done is to switch on the lights, if it was not available than the person should have opened the door wide and tried to make out the obstacles from the possible light present. The person should open his eyes wide because entering in the dark room all of a sudden decreases the ability to see and it takes time for the pupil to adjust with the darkness of the room. And thus people tend to hit themselves due to this property of science (Meaney, 2012). Hitting a foot without wearing slippers may turn into severe pain and the person may feel some numbness or sensation of pain (Smith, 2013). So the person should try to sense the things that are or may be placed in the room. He or she should keep steady steps into the room to check for any obstacles. Another phenomenon may occur is a tear rolling out of his eyes. When a person gets a sudden shock tears roll out (Tate and Seeley, 2009). The person did not anticipate that he would hit a chair and thus after the situation occurred he will have some preconceived notion of the injury like if its swollen up or if there is a cut. The hit is a shock for him so he may fall into the ground. After the accident occurred the person should call out for someone who can help him to stand up (if fallen down) or can help him get out of the dark room, because he might be needing help to walk to the other room (Tortora and Grabowski, 2003). Meanwhile the person, if not finding help should continuously press his toe so that it gives comfort to an injury and swelling may be averted. First-aid should immediately arrive because keeping an injury unattended for long may get severe. The first thing that the person should do is try to move his toe to see if there is a fracture or not (Wallace, 2012). In case of fracture immediate x-ray should be done to see the extent of the injury. Ice is the foremost thing that should be applied on the injury to decrease the pain and also the swelling (Ursone, 2010). Acute inflammation may occur with severe pain because it was a metal chair that has hit his toe. After the first-aid is given to the person, he or she should be taken to the doctor nearby because if the pain persists than the area of pain may turn into black due to blood clot. This pain may create problem in future while walking. Apart from application of ice, medicines like painkillers will help to reduce the pain. If there is a cut the person might be prescribed to take a tetanus injection, because the injury was by a metal. Proper dressing should be done so that dirt and other particles do not enter the wounded area creating infection. If there is no injury and mere swell than application of hot water pad is also helpful. Proper rest is mandatory so the swell does not get worse (Kunkel and Miller, 2002). References EBBERT, J. and TANGALOS, E. (2009). Foot Orthotics for Patellofemoral Pain. Internal Medicine News, 42(4), p.32. Kunkel, M. and Miller, S. (2002). Return to work after foot and ankle injury. Foot and Ankle Clinics, 7(2), pp.421-428. Meaney, B. (2012). DIABETIC FOOT CARE: PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE. Journal of Renal Care, 38, pp.90-98. Smith, M. (2013). Penetrating injuries of the foot. Equine Veterinary Education, 25(8), pp.422-431. Tate, P. and Seeley, R. (2009). Seeley's principles of anatomy physiology. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill. Tortora, G. and Grabowski, S. (2003). Principles of anatomy and physiology. New York: Wiley. Ursone, R. (2010). Unique Complications of Foot and Ankle Injuries Secondary toWarfare. Foot and Ankle Clinics, 15(1), pp.201-208. Wallace, G. (2012). The FootSpecial section. The Foot, 22(3), p.111.

Capital Punishment Essays (680 words) - Capital Punishment, Penology

Capital Punishment Capital Punishment Capital punishment is a very controversial topic because of all the different perspectives it could be viewed by. Over 4,000 prisoners in the United States have been executed between 1930 and 1989. It does not seem like the best way to detter violent crimes and the courts should decide on alternative methods of punishment for serious types of offences. Politically it may seem like the right thing to do for various reasons including overcrowding of the jails; the system in the US is steadily increasing in population and the number of people that go through it. So as an effective solution to this problem, capital punishment may seem fitting. Another reason may be as a show of great authority on the government's behalf. They try to show other potential murderers what will happen to them if they commit a similar crime. This is not the way to do it though. Murder is defined as the killing of an individual intentionally and unlawfully. With every murder there is a trigger that provoked an uncontrollable anger in the aggressor. Capital punishment therefore is also murder. The murder of the convict is allowed because what he did aggrevated society. On this standpoint it does not seem that justice is being served. From a moral standpoint, using a violent method of punishment to deter violent crimes doesn't seem to fit properly. It is the same as reprimanding a child who hit someone by giving him/her a smack in the mouth. This teaches the child and the rest of the observers that hitting is ok when they are older. They don't see it as much as a punishment but as a display of power. This is a very dangerous thing to teach young children if used improperly. And there are times when parents sometimes punish the wrong child for something they did not even do. Capital punishment is also subject to error of this kind. It is almost impossible to find out the exact number of people who have been executed in the United States that were wrongfully convicted. There is also not a 100% guarantee that even 12 jururs will be able to accurately say that someone is guilty and deserving of the death penalty. Jesus tought us that killing in any way or in any form is unjustified. But not everone in the world is Catholic, or even Christian for that matter. This is why the bible should not be interpreted to fit peoples own beliefs on the issue of capital punishment. Jesus also taught us to turn the other cheek, but how is that possible in certain situations in which a persons life is taken? For someone who commited a brutal murder what would turning the other cheek do in this case? The person cannot be let free so he can build up his anger and do the same thing again to someone else. So if we cannot interpret all of Jesus' teaching then how can we only take certain parts of the bible and change then into our own beliefs as some people do. Thou shall not kill, some people in the world are bound to kill so what do we do to them? An Eye for an Eye, might mean that we should take this person and execute them, But if Jesus' teachings say otherwise then what do we make of these? This is why religion should not be interpreted into the issue of capital punishment. Capital punishment can be a dangerous instrument to our society. There have been many cases where justice was not served. Since capital punishment is liable to be abused by faulty humans, it should not be considered a valid form of punishment. We should not look at it from a religious point of view or by what was done in the past but only by observing our present day, Modern, Civilized society and determine a more effective means of dealing with these crimes other than death because in our modern world we are no longer barbarian cavemen, we are considered civilized.

How to write an essay.

How to write an essay. What is the hardest part of writing essays? I know that for myself to write and exciting and interesting essay I must go through a rigorous process of rituals and time alone. I forego many steps in getting my train of thought rolling smoothly. There are so many factors in weather I can actually write an excellent essay, or just write a mediocre one. I also get input from others to see there point of view, in how well my writing skills are and if the topic is even interesting to other people. I know that for some people it is easy to write elaborate essays. I also understand that for others it is more difficult to write essays. I know a few techniques that help me write essays, and many of these techniques I use could really be a big impact on the outcome of the essay, and the way it is written.First essay (rejected postage stamp design) of Tha...Have you ever went to an event, where you thought that some of the things they did were just a little weird, or just to old school for moder n day society? Well I know that some events or factions do these things because it is tradition. I know that in football there is usually a coin toss before the game, this is to see who will kickoff the ball first. This is a tradition that has been used in football for many years. I know that before I write an essay I must do all kinds of crazy things, theses are just a few of my traditions that I like to do. I know that in order for me to think well I was taught that you are at your peak performance when you have a good nights sleep and are well...

Policymaker Power point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Policymaker Power point - Essay Example Face to face interaction with a policy maker ensures effectiveness of the visit as almost all the questions are assured of an answer and the policy maker can hear all the policy issue concerns. In my visit to the policy maker, I placed a call to their office before visiting in order to book for an appointment. I obtained the number from the blue pages in my phonebook and called between the normal working hours. After calling his office, the call went through his personal assistant who was so quick to dismiss me. However, I insisted on talking with the Policy maker and the personal assistant heeded my plea and connected me to the commissioner’s line. Though the commissioner was busy, I knew I had limited time to persuade him and I told him about the primary aim of my visit and told him that meeting him would assist in reducing childhood obesity within the constituency as it had become prevalent. I knew that the commissioner had interest in the policy issue and that he would be willing to meet me to talk of the way forward and discuss some of the possible remedies to reduce its prevalence. After explaining myself, the policy maker told me that his weekly schedule was a bit tight, but he would slot some time on April 10th at 11 am for us to meet. I thanked the policy maker and we all looked forward to meeting each other. After this confirmation, I knew that I had to survey his office and numerous other areas to identify the ideal place for us to meet. I had to look for a room or place where we would be least distracted or with less noise. I considered the school library, a reading lawn or his office. However, I deliberated on his office as it would be convenient for him too since he had acknowledged that he had a busy week. I then communicated to him on where the meeting would be held. He was also relieved that we would hold the meeting in his office. The one

Health Status and Health Care Services of Canada v. United States Assignment

Health Status and Health Care Services of Canada v. United States - Assignment Example At the same time, the health system in Canada has customarily been celebrated as one of the best globally, as it focuses on ensuring universal health coverage, thereby prioritizing those in need of health services to those who can pay (NCHS, 2004). This project aims to provide more insight on the status of healthcare in both the United States and Canada, particularly by looking at the similarities and differences between the two organizations, as well as their accessibility, affordability, and availability. Demographic Characteristics: Several surveys carried out in the past have reported that whites are healthier in both the United States and Canada than any other population. This hypothesis is essentially because a substantial percentage of whites have access to decent health coverage as compared to minority populations in both nations (WHO, 2005). Additionally, the fact that the minority populations in both nations tend to suffer and die from chronic conditions corroborates this proposition. Concerning gender, it has been ascertained that women in both USA and Canada are healthier than their male counterparts partly because they tend to take great care of themselves and that they have healthy habits given that they control the amount of products such as alcohol and nicotine they consume. In like manner, it has been established that married couples in both countries are healthy than the divorced and widowed (WHO, 2005). This can majorly be attributed to the fact that couples often lo ok out for each other. High income earners in both the United States and Canada are often considered healthier than the low income earners, as they can easily sign up for health covers that come in handy in ensuring that they seek medical attention on a regular basis. Infant mortality data and causes: It is imperative to note that infant mortality is low in both USA and Canada, suggesting that

Political science - The Elites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political science - The Elites - Essay Example In such cases, the laws do not address the needs of the public, which usually leads to conflicts. This is clearly demonstrated by the numerous protests by various groups of people concerning their oppression. A good example is the American constitution, which was founded on the interests of the elites. As a result, it was not pleasant to the majority of the population, which brought forth the necessity for quick intervention by the elites. The intervention used in this case was the passage of the civil rights act of 1964, which was very good in reducing the oppression and discrimination of the minority and oppressed groups of people but also had hidden ideas (Hasday 96). In this case, the elites used it as a base for winning support from the public thus stabilizing their base of control and influence. Through the influence, the elites usually affect the public’s point of view. In the initial stages after airing their views, the public usually falls for their view. This does not last for long as they later realizes that they were taken advantage of by the elites. Since the elites usually have access to the resources, they usually use them to win their support (Chase, D and Chase, A 20). A good example is in the case of feminist movement as outlined by Ryan. In this case, despite the women forming a larger part of the population, they were observed to be less privileged. Having got a clear understanding of this, the elites used the power and resources available to them and put into place laws that empowered them. This is evident in the grievances of the women who were among the founders of women’s movement, which was formed in 1848. Through their hard work and dedication, the group expanded and had good coverage in various areas. Despite this, they did not get nationa l support, which raises questions to the reason behind the lack of support. Through the protest raised against

Group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal

Group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal Introduction An organization can be defined as a group of individuals working together to achieve a common goal or objective. In the business environment various types of organization can be observed, i.e. profit making vs. non profit making, product based vs. service based, localized vs. international and etc. The goals and objectives of an organization would vary according to the type of organization. Since the capability of the organization depends on the ability or the performance of the individuals who works in an organization, ability of the employees can be enhanced through various factors and also through better structure and culture of the organization. For the purpose of this report the organizations which were selected are Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank. Nations Trust Bank can be considered as one of the fastest growing banks in Sri Lanka today. As a young and dynamic bank, it has immediate appeal for young and sophisticated professionals looking for a bank they can identify with. The bank has 40 branches, 9 leasing centers, 43 ATMs, 6 personal banking centers as well as Internet Banking. Considered to be one of the most customer-centric financial institutions today, Nations Trust Bank provides tailored services for contemporary lifestyles. Standard Chartered PLC is a British financial services company headquartered in London, England with operations in more than seventy countries. It operates a network of over 1,700 branches and outlets (including subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures) and employs 80,000 people. Despite its British base, it has few customers in the United Kingdom and around 90% of its profits come from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Because the banks history is entwined with the development of the British Empire, its operations lie predominantly in former British colonies, though over the past two decades it has expanded into countries that have historically had little British influence. Organizational Structure and Culture The selected organizations, which are Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank, belong to service sector organizations and provide a range of banking services. However, Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank can be categorized as national and multinational respectively; it was possible to arrive at the following conclusion after considering the geographic area in which these organizations operate. Nations Trust Bank can be considered as a localized, national bank as it only operates within Sri Lanka, whereas Standard Chartered Bank has established a global network which spreads over 70 countries from Asia, Africa, America, Europe and Middle East. Hence Standard Chartered Bank can be classified as a multinational organization. Organizational Structure The main purpose of organizational structure can be identified as the division of work among member of the organization, and the co-ordination of their activities so they are directed towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There are mainly three types of organizational structures. 1) Functional Structure: In such a structure groups of people who hold similar skills or perform similar tasks are clustered together and usually departments are formed. 2) Divisional Structure: Divisional structures can be of three types. They are, Division based on Product: Each product division contains the functions necessary to that service the specific goods or services it produces Division based on Market: Group functions into divisions that can be responsive to the needs of particular types of customers Division based on Geography: In such a structure regional divisions are set up to service customers in different geographic areas 3) Matrix Structure: In a matrix structure specialists from functional departments would be assigned to work on one or more projects that are lead by a project manager. As Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank are public limited companies and specially the latter being a very large organization, these organizations need to follow a formal organizational structure where they would be able to monitor the activities, assign responsibility for groups and individual members and co-ordinate different parts of the organization. The members or the employees within Nations Trust Bank have been categorized based on the field or the area in which they are specialized, for instance those who are specialized in sales and marketing would be assigned work related to sales and marketing and would be clustered together. According to this, various departments in Nations Trust Bank have been created, where, for each department an individual leader would be assigned to ensure regulated smooth flow of business operations. These individual leaders would then report the overall progress of each department to the top management and board of directors as required and decisions would be made with the involvement of the top management. Hence, it is possible to arrive at the conclusion that Nations Trust Bank follows a functional organizational structure which is more of a centralized structure. Further it could be said division of work within Nations Trust Bank has taken place by major function or purpose. It could also be said that Nations Trust Bank follows more of a centralized structure than a decentralized structure as the organization sets down policies which would affect the organization as a whole and also mainly since all decisions would be made under strict management supervision and involvement. This centralization could also be due to the cultural effect which is prominent within the country, which is the power culture where control is the key element. Based on the above information it could be understood why Nations Trust Bank follows a functional organizational structure and also it could be understood that Nations Trust Bank follows a functional organizational structure as it has a range of services which can be grouped under one leader. Nations Trust Bank has the following advantages of using a functional organizational structure. Since all the employees who are specialized in a specific area are clustered together, newer employees and other employees would be able to learn easily from each other. Employees would be able to benchmark themselves with other employees who have higher performance and are working in the same specialized area and would develop themselves further in a more competitive manner. In the following structure the decision making process is bureaucratic. Since the culture which is mostly commonly seen within Sri Lanka is power culture, when the bank follows such a structure it will be easier to control the organization in order to achieve its goals and objectives as expected. Since all employees perform similar task within one department work specialization takes place and this would help the organization to increase overall productivity. Nations Trust Bank not only has advantages of following a functional organizational structure but it also has some disadvantages. Since decisions are always made with the involvement of the top management individual employees would not be able to make decisions on their own resulting in inefficiency. The organization follows a bureaucratic decision making process and also problem resolution process; this would mean a low level of employee participation. As a result the chance for a successful leader to be born in such an environment would be low and hence the chance for the organization to gather new leaders from within the organization who understand the nature of the organization would be low. Standard chartered bank is a large multinational organization which operates in more than 70. Unlike in Nations Trust Bank, Standard Chartered Bank does not follow a functional organizational structure and is less centralized (but the bank follows a centralized structure) meaning Standard Chartered Bank gives more authority to its employees than Nations Trust Bank. Instead of following a functional organizational structure, Standard Chartered Bank follows what is called a divisional organizational structure according to geographic area. Where Standard Chartered Bank would have a regional or divisional head for each region within which it operates. Standard Chartered Bank mainly has the following advantage of using a divisional structure according to geographic area. The bank would be able to provide banking services which would be more suitable for each country. For example Standard Chartered Saadiq Banking is a service associated with Islamic banking, in other words the bank follows Shariah principles. The bank has provided various Islamic banking products and services for countries where Islamic population is high (e.g. Malaysia, UAE, Pakistan and Bangladesh). Beyond this there are a few disadvantages of using such a structure. These disadvantages are listed below. Since there would be repetition of similar jobs the operational overhead cost would be high. Since the branches of the bank would be benchmarked against each other conflict situations may arise. After analyzing the above mentioned information it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that a divisional structure would be the best organizational structure from the above two organizational structures if Nations Trust Bank has an intention to expand overseas as it will be easier to control the organization and since it would not be very practical to use a functional structure in such a situation. And also becoming less centralized will help the organization to function with more efficiency. Organizational Networks and Linkages Nations Trust Bank has a network which covers only Sri Lanka. Due to this network the bank has been able to expand itself throughout the island in such a manner that customers would be able to carry out banking transactions easily from any part of the island where there is at least an Automatic Teller Machine available. The bank uses the Flexcube Banking System to maintain the network of branches, outlets and ATMs. It has been identified the availability of flexible working programs within Nations Trust Bank is low. Part time employment can be identified as the only significant flexible working program at Nations Trust Bank. Standard Chartered Bank covers a wide range of countries unlike Nations Trust Bank. The bank uses computer software in order to maintain a global scale network. Especially the bank would use Sun Microsystems platform or UNIX platform software in order to maintain the data base. These systems enable the centralization of data for the bank. Standard Chartered Bank has recognized the importance of flexible working programs. The bank has understood flexible working programs play a vital role in retaining employees, increasing engagement and attracting a larger and more diverse pool of talent. Hence the organization is trying to introduce more flexible working programs. At the moment the bank uses the following flexible working programs; part time employment, switching between shifts (the employee would be given the opportunity to choose the shift during which he prefers to work) and also the bank has introduced working from home facility initially in four countries namely Ghana, United S tates, United Kingdome and Singapore. However, the bank does not follow working from home facility in Sri Lanka. Organizational Culture Each organization will have its own unique organizational culture and most of the time large organizations would tend to have a mix of these cultures. 1) Power Culture: Power culture is common for small and medium size organizations. In such organizations decision making is centralized and also these organizations can react quickly to danger around as there would be no consultation required. Further, in a power culture control would be the key element. 2) Role Culture: Role culture is common for large organizations. The key element would be the area of specialization. 3) Task Culture: Task culture is popular in modern business society and refers to a team based approach to complete a particular task. In such a culture staff would feel motivated because they are empowered to make decisions within their team. 4) Person Culture: Person culture is common in non profit or charity organizations. The main focus of such organizations is the individual or a particular aim. 5) Forward and Backward Looking Cultures: Forward looking organizations are risk takers and perform well due to this risk taking ability. Whereas backward looking organizations are organizations which do not embrace change and are led by systems and procedures. When the organization, i.e. Nations Trust Bank, has been analyzed it was possible to identify the organization has a dynamic and a fast paced working environment where open feedback, performance based rewards and remunerations are encouraged. Further employees are encouraged to develop new skills and are empowered by the provision of career opportunities which have a variety of different features. Based on this information it was possible to identify that the culture within Nations Trust Bank is a forward looking culture which has allowed the organization to perform well, expand and become one of the youngest and successful banks within Sri Lanka. However, the bank has some aspect of power culture as well. This could mainly be seen in the decision making process where employees would tend to rely upon some superior source when making a decision. Power culture within the organization could be due to the strong power culture existing within the country. Standard Chartered Bank being a bank which operates in more than 70 countries with its headquarters located in London, England would mainly follow the organizational culture which is prominent within its headquarters, this would be role culture. However, there would be variations to the culture of branches operating in other regions as it would not be practical to follow an organizational culture which would conflict with a particular regions culture. For example consider the United Kingdom headquarters and the Sri Lankan Head Office. Employees in United Kingdom would usually be clock conscious as they would consider time is money and also it is unprofessional to get late for work, whereas in Sri Lanka the employees would not really see much of a difference in getting late for work as the country would naturally have easy going relaxed people who would not hurry things. The headquarters would naturally assume that all employees of the bank would perform their tasks and duties on time as this is their culture. However, this would not be the case in most situations and therefore to ensure that work is done the branches in Sri Lanka would have to lay down strict rules and regulations. Constant reminders too would have to be given in order to get a task done. And hence the culture of the country automatically starts taking effect where power culture would have to be followed in order to achieve the expected. However, on analyzing the overall information of Standard Chartered Bank it can be understood that the bank has a unique culture which it has developed through the years by communicating with broad ranges of stakeholders, prospective employees and customers. Based on the above information finally it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that organizational culture plays an important role in forming an organizational structure as well as for the success or the failure of a business. Misinterpreting the culture in which an organization operates can lead to conflict and finally maybe even complete shutting down of the organization. Therefore it is a must to interpret and understand the culture within which an organization operates and to select an appropriate organization structure on this basis. The Human Resource Function Stakeholder Perspective: It is clear that stakeholders would have objectives and would expect organizations to achieve these objectives. The organizations should always consider their stakeholders point of view before making any decisions as this will help to minimize conflicts and avoid a purely instrumental or theoretical approach to Human Resource Management. Nations Trust Bank considers the impact of its activities on various stakeholder groups, carries out activities which will develop a good relationship with stakeholders and also abides by the rules, regulations and carries out business in an ethical manner for the above mentioned purposes. The same would apply to Standard Chartered Bank. However, the branches of Standard Chartered Bank would provide more flexibility (especially for employees) and facilities than Nations Trust Bank. Human Resource Roles: The role of Human Resource Management (Personal Management) is taking care and handling the organizations most important resource which is the people resource or the employees. Human Resource Management would help the organization to maintain a balance and efficiently coordinate with the employees so they can work more efficiently and effectively. The HR department of Nations Trust Bank carries out an immense number of activities for the above mentioned purposes; these activities range from arranging functions such as Christmas Eve get-togethers to New Year celebrations where management and employees from various departments can interact with each other. Beyond this career guidance programs, training and development programs (the bank has a special training and development team for this purpose), remuneration and reward schemes and exit interview are conducted. Standard Chartered Bank too carries out an immense number of activities like Nations Trust Bank to ensure that they stand by their HR roles. Further, Standard Chartered Bank provides a day care facility; the centre provides day care services and educational activities throughout the working day for children aged between six months and 12 years. The organization also carries out exchange programs (India China exchange program) so that employees would have an exciting opportunity to advance their careers and experience a new culture. For the Bank, it is an opportunity to facilitate the sharing of best practice, ideas and new ways of working between two key markets. Personnel Policies: An organizations personnel policy means a plan, a course of action or guiding principles which that business will use to influence and determine decisions, actions and other matters. Both Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank would have various personnel policies. For example Standard Chartered Bank has developed a policy on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). By this policy the bank ensures that its employees who have HIV AIDS can still work as normal employees without any form of harassment. Where Nations Trust Bank has a policy, going paperless, by which it tries to minimize the usage of paper by transferring all its activities to non-paper based forms such as emailing. By this the organization expects to protect the environment. Beyond the above mentioned policies both of these banks would have numerous policies which have been set in place regarding various matters. Strategies, Operating Plans and Strategic Goals for Personnel: An organizations strategy is about what the organization wants to achieve in the long term. There would be various techniques followed by an organization to achieve these goals and objectives. For example, Standard Chartered Bank wants to achieve growth and it plans to do so by following a simple method where it would ask itself self assessment questions and by following a SMART approach. The bank would apply the same procedure for its employees. Nations Trust Bank follows a similar approach where it has stated its strategic priorities and how the bank expects to achieve them. Finally it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that carrying out Human Resources Functions would help any organization to be successful. For these purposes various elements such as stakeholder perspective, HR roles, personal policies, strategies and operating plans, and strategic goals for personnel have to be considered. Individual Behavior at Work Each individual would be different from each other in some aspect or the other. These differences could be due to demographic factors, abilities and skills, perception, attitude and personality. These factors would not only differentiate individuals but would affect their on the job performance as well as their behavior. Nations Trust Bank would have employees from various ethnic groups in Sri Lanka. Therefore the employees at Nations Trust Bank would be able to experience the difference between each culture and would behave according to the stimuli they receive from the working environment. Due to the civil war which was going on for many years, some of the Sinhalese employees working at the bank would have formed a perception about Tamil employees and would have a different attitude towards these employees, where they would tend to act in a negative unfavorable manner, lose interest and in turn would think negatively regarding their job. Beyond this the Sinhalese employees may think that they are better able to perform the tasks rather than Tamils due to cultural factors. Also since some of these Tamil and Sinhalese employees would have been affected by the civil war, the personality of these employees may have been affected and may have induced negative thinking patterns within them. This may lead to conflict within the organization. However, Nations Trust Bank treats all employees equally and has taken many measures to ensure that no conflict takes place. In fact Nations Trust Bank encourages its Sinhalese employees to learn the Tamil and Tamil employees to learn Sinhalese. Further, the bank has encouraged interaction between these groups of people through various social activities so that they would be able to better understand each other and value each others culture. The bank provides counseling sessions, training and development and also carrier guidance for these employees so that they can improve themselves. This would help the employees to understand their tasks and duties better, will lead to improved performance, help employees to understand the importance of what each other is doing and appreciate their performance. Since Standard Chartered Bank is an international bank the demographic element in terms of especially in terms of culture would be very prominent. The branches which operate in Sri Lanka would undergo nearly the same issues related with individual behavior at work and follow similar measures to prevent conflict of any form. However, when Standard Chartered Bank is considered from an international point of view it is clear that the bank would like to increase interaction and gain better understanding of different cultures as well as provide its employees awareness regarding different cultures. A clear example for this type of attempt is the employee exchange program which the bank conducts, for the first time this was done between India and China. Further the bank has included female workforce where 46% of the workforce are females and employees with disabilities where the first employees with disabilities were from Sri Lanka. Further the bank believes that different employees from different regions have skills which would be useful for other regions this is another aspect which Standard Chartered Bank has considered in its employee exchange program. These exchange programs will help the employees with different skills to interact and help employees to identify their skills. This will help employees attitude as this will encourage positive thinking. Also this would help employees to gain confidence and in terms improve their personality. This would affect their behavior at work. Beyond this the organization has established a day care facility in Sri Lanka. This will help the working parents to attend their duties without worry and this will help overall attitude of the employees during work making them more productive. Provisions of such facilities help the employees have a better perception of the organization. On analyzing the above information it was possible to arrive at the conclusion that behavior of employees at work from both organizations would be affected by factors such as demographic factors, abilities and skills, perception, attitude and personality. It was also possible to arrive at the conclusion that developing understanding among employees will help the organizations function as one unit and achieve the goals and objectives of that organization. Approaches to Management and Theories of Organization Management approaches and organizational theories deal with how an organization achieves its management objectives through the organizational structure, its design and other elements. The management theories can be classified as five major schools of management thought. They are, Classical School of Management (Includes Scientific Management and Bureaucratic management) here the emphasis was on managing workers and organizations more efficiently Behavioral School of Management (Includes Human Relations) here the emphasis was on understanding human behavior in the organization Quantitative School of Management here the emphasis was on increasing quality of managerial decision-making through the application of mathematical and statistical methods Systems School of Management here the emphasis was on understanding the organization as a system that transforms inputs into outputs while in constant interaction with its environment Contingency School of Management (Includes Contingency approaches) here the emphasis was on applying management principles and processes as dictated by the unique characteristics of each situation It was understood that Nations Trust Bank follows a functional structure and Standard Chartered Bank follows a divisional structure based on geographic area. Standard Chartered Bank follows a mixed structure where centralized and decentralized are both considered when making decisions. And Nations Trust Bank follows a centralized approach. Further it was identified that Nations Trust Bank follows a tall span of control whereas Standard Chartered Bank has a flat span of control. Based on the above information it is important to understand the management theories which the organization follows. Classical School of Management: Even though scientific management was introduced many years before, organizations still use these principles or theories with minor adjustments. When scientific management is considered, Henry Fayol would be the significant character which would emerge. Todays organizations follow what Henry Fayol introduced with minor adjustments. Bureaucracy means the usage of rules, regulations, policies, procedures and standardization of activities. This concept was introduced by Max Weber. This type of management would be used in the military and not in a bank usually. This could be understood through the way in which both banks operate. Behavioral School of Management: According to research which was carried out it has been possible to identify that human interaction or group relationships have a direct impact on productivity and would help to increase the motivation of employees. Therefore, the behavioral management school principles are more focused to understand individual employees behavior, their interaction and also motivational factors. When Nations Trust Bank has been considered it was possible to understand that the organization carries out many activities which would encourage employee communication. Further, the employee exchange program which is carried out by Standard Chartered Bank can be considered as another example. Systems School of Management and Contingency School of Management: As it was mentioned before both the organizations, Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank, follow a centralized structure. However, in the case of Standard Chartered Bank centralization is less prominent as the bank believes that empowerment of employees would bring out the best from the employees. In a systems approach the organization as a whole would be considered as one system and hence in these type of systems integration, communication and independence plays a vital role. Whereas in contingency approach it is believed that there is no best way to arrange an organization and this has to be decided based on the nature of the organization. Finally, it could be understood that even though organizations still follow scientific management they try to move more towards the usage of human relations approach and a contingency approach. Functions of Management There are mainly four functions of management. These functions are, 1) Planning: Determines the broad lines for carrying out operations, preparing methods by which they are carried out and setting standards of performance. When planning is done the management of the organizations would need to gather information from the environment in which they operate. For this purpose the organizations would use the macroeconomic factors and would use the PEST tool. Nations Trust Bank and Standard Chartered Bank would both use the PEST tool so that they would be able to analyze the macroeconomic factors which would affect their organization. PEST factors would nearly be the same for both these organizations when the Standard Chartered Bank which operates in Sri Lanka is considered but the bank would have a greater international influence than Nations Trust Bank. The constant changes in the environment should be regularly noted through the PEST tool and based on that the organizations should be able to respond. Further, planning would have the following aspects; forecasting, utilization and also action decision. 2) Control: Checking actual performance against standards to ensure satisfactory progress and performance, and recording as a guide to possible future operations. Control is a vital element for both, Nations Trust Bank and also Standard Chartered Bank, as it is the only way by which the managers can find out if the organization is achieving the goals and objectives. Controlling can be carried out by standards, measurements and comparisons. For example, when considering the employee turnover for both the organizations, Nations Trust Bank has been able to continuously decrease its employee turnover. However, at Standard Chartered Bank the employee turnover in countries like India and Pakistan has been increasing. To prevent this bank has introduced a pilot. Further, organizational performance could be measured based on productivity measures, through financial rations which could be compared against benchmarked companies, by setting standards and having key performance indicators. 3) Co ordination: Balancing and marinating the team by ensuring a suitable division of work and seeing that tasks are performed in harmony. Both banks have been able to co ordinate their activities through suitable divisions. In the case of Nations Trust Bank the bank has ensured that its range of diverse employees would better understand each other through various activities so that ultimately they would be able to work together as a team to achieve the goals of the organization whereas in Standard Chartered Bank the organization would also have to consider the international market within which they operate so that they would be able to better co ordinate

Frankenstein overview :: Character Analysis, Literary Analysis

Frankenstein is, in my opinion a story about a scientist who makes a being who possesses more soul than it’s creator. The scene in which the creation of young Victor stands by Victors beside, while startling understandably, gives you compassion over this poor being. The scene where he says. â€Å"His jaws opened, and her muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks... one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me....† This suggests a yearning for contact with the outside world. What I really consider disturbing is the egotistical manner in which Victor operates himself. He wallows in his own tragedy. He is more interested in his own wretchedness than the fate of his beleaguered family or even this abusive environment his creation faces. He brings his sorrow upon himself, but yet at every opportunity is contemplates the abortion of his creation, even though he constantly ignores him, when he yearns for his love. I wonder whether the villagers find the creature so terrible because is so deformed, or because his appearance suggests a life so malevolent that they cannot fathom to imagine it. He is constantly attacked with no real cause. I ponder this because if he were truly so fearsome, why would one engage him face to face. Perhaps they believe that his presence is pure evil and a danger automatically. Or maybe it’s because his appearance is so different from theirs. People are never very welcome to the outcasts of society. Another thing so appealing was Walton’s admiration of Victor. For a man so lonely that he finds